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1 Introduction
The energy sector—especially the components involving the production and use of energy from unregulated, ill-regulated, and inefficient fuel combustion—is the single most important human source of air pollutants and climate forcer emissions (IEA, 2016; Meng et al., 2019; IPCC, 2021). Nearly 85–95% of particulate matter (PM) and oxides of sulfur and nitrogen come from how we produce and use energy (IEA, 2016; Meng et al., 2019). These pollutants and their precursors are emitted by incomplete burning of biomass (wood and…